The Global Christian Higher Education project is a collaborative research program on international Christian higher education co-sponsored by IAPCHE, the Nagel Institute for the Study of World Christianity, and Baylor University. The research project has compiled a database which will feature information about Christian colleges and universities from all over the world. Specifically, information such as contact information, (address, phone, e-mail, and web address) as well as when the institution began, denominational affiliation, enrollment, courses of study, and language instruction. The data will also provide the basis for a book on the state and growth of Christian higher education around the world. See author list below.

Authors: Global Christian Higher Education

Introduction: Joel Carpenter, Calvin College (USA)

Africa: Faith Nguru , Daystar University (Kenya)
Nigeria: Musa Gaiya , University Of Jos (Nigeria)
East Africa: Victor Cole, Nairobi Evangelical Graduate School of Theology (Kenya)

East Asia: Dan Bays , Calvin College (USA)
China: Peter Ng , Centre For Religious & Spirituality Education (Hong Kong)
Korea: Kuk Won Shin, Chongshin University & Seminary (South Korea)

Europe: Perry L. Glanzer, Baylor University (USA)
Post-Communist Europe: James Arthur, Canterbury Christian Church University (United Kingdom)

Latin America: Ruth Padilla DeBorst, Instituto para la Promoción de la Educación Superior Cristiana en América Latina (Costa Rica)
Mexico: Jose Alcantara Mejia, Universidad Iboamericana (México)
Brazil: Alejandre Brasil Fonseca, Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)

North America: Rich Gathro, Nyack Universicty (USA)
Canada: Harry Fernhout, The King's University College (Canada)
United States: Bill Adrian, Oklahoma Wesleyan University (USA)

South/Southeast Asia: David Lim, Asian School Of Development & Cross-cultural Studies (Philippines)
Philippines: Melba Maggay, Institute for Studies in Asian Church and Culture (Philippines)
India: Susheila Williams, CSI Bishop Appasamy College of Arts & Sciences (India)

Select Bibliography: Christian and International Higher Education:

 Christian Higher Education

Arthur, James (2006) Faith and Secularisation in Religious Colleges and Universities. London: Routledge.

Blokhuis, P., ed. (2006). Civil Society: East & West. Sioux Center, IA: Dordt College Press.

Brighton, T. (1991). 150 Years: The Church Colleges in Higher Education. Chichester, England: West Sussex Institute of Higher Education

Carpenter, J.  (2008). "New Evangelical Universities: Cogs in a World System or Players in a New Game?"  in Interpreting Contemporary Christianity: Global Procesesses and Local Identities. Eds. Ogbu U. Kalu and Alaine Low. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Carpenter, J. (2006). “The Christian scholar in an age of world Christianity” in Christianity and the Soul of the University: Faith as a Foundation for Intellectual Community. Eds. D.V. Henry and M.D. Beaty. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.

Jenkins, P. (2002). The next Christendom: The coming of global Christianity. New York: Oxford University Press.

Jenkins, P. (2006). The new faces of Christianity: Believing the Bible in the Global South. New York: Oxford University Press.

Sanneh, L. and Carpenter, J. (2005). The changing face of Christianity: Africa, the West and the world. New York: Oxford.

Van Der Walt, Bennie J. (2002). Our past heritage, present opportunity, and future challenges: Reflections on the 25^th anniversary of the International Association for the promotion of Christian Higher Education. Christian Higher Education, 1 (2), 123-137.

AFRICA

Hittenberger, J. (Fall 2004). Globalization, Marketization, and the Mission of Pentecostal Higher Education in Africa. Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies, 26(2), 182-215.

Namukoa, E. (2002, June). A Response to Bennie Van Der Walt. Christian Higher Education, 1(2/3), 229-33.

Starcher, R.L. (2004). A non-Western doctoral program in theology for Africans in Africa. Christian Higher Education, 3 (4), 295-311.

Starcher, R. (2004). African Students in Theological Doctoral Programs in Christian Institutions of Higher Learning. Christian Higher Education, 3(3), 207-222.

Van Der Walt, B.J. (2002). The challenge of Christian higher education on the African continent in the twenty-first century. Christian Higher Education 1(2), 195-228.

Zwana, S. (2009). Failure of Ecumenism: The Rise of Church Related Universities in Zimbabwe. Exchange, 38(3), 292-311.

ASIA/OCEANIA

Bays, D.H. & Widmer, E. (2009). China's Christian Colleges: Cross-Cultural Connections, 1900-1950. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

Dickinson, R. D. N. (1971). The Christian college in developing India: A sociological inquiry. London: Oxford University Press.

Dorman, J.P. (2002). Comparing the university-level environment in the Australian Catholic university with other Australian universities. Christian Higher Education 1(1), 39-54.

Fenn, W.P. (1980). Ever New Horizons: The Story of the United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia, 1922-1975. North Newton, KS: Mennonite Press.

Hartnett, R.A. (1998). The Saga of Chinese Higher Education from the Tongzhi Restoration to Tiananmen Square: Revolution and Reform (Chinese Studies , Vol 7) (Edwin Mellon).

Jongeneel, J. (2008). Christian Responses to Asian Challenges: A Glocalization View on Christian Higher Education in East Asia. International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 32(3), 158-159.

Lai, Pan-Chiu (2003). Religious studies in Christian universities in contemporary Asia: Its relationship to Christian theology. Christian Higher Education, 2 (1), 49-69.

Lee, J.K. (2002). Christianity and Korean education in the late chosen period. Christian Higher Education 1(1), 85-100.

Liu, J.F. and Liu, T. (2003). Christian universities during the Sino-Japanese War time. Fuzhou: Fujian Educational Press.

Lutz, J.G. (1971). China and the Christian colleges, 1850-1950.  Ithaca; Cornell University Press.

Mannath, J. (1994).  Higher Education In India: How Healthy Is It What Are Christian Colleges Doing? New Frontiers In Education, 24(4), 451.

Morissette, H. (1985). Christian perspectives in education: The mission of the Catholic college in India today. Bangalore, India: Xavier Board of Higher Education.

Mullins, M.R. (1997). "The Struggle for Christian Higher Education in Japan: A Case-Study of Meiji Gakuin University," in Gerard Dekker, Donald Luidens, and Rodger Rice, eds., Rethinking Secularization: Reformed Encounters with Modernity. University Press of America.

Ng, P.T.M. (2009). Globalization, Nationalism, and Christian Higher Education in Northeast Asia. Christian Higher Education 8(1), 54-67.

Ng, Peter Tze Ming (2005). A New Mission for Open Dialogue with Non-Christians in Higher Education Today. Christian Higher Education, 4 (3), 169-182.

Ng, P.T.M., Leung, P.Y.S., Xu, E.Y.H., & Shi, J.H. (2002). Changing Paradigms of Christian Higher Education in China, 1888-1950. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen.

Ng, P.T.M. and Leung, Y.S.P. (2007). Christian responses to Asian challenges: A glocalization view on Christian higher education in East Asia. Hong Kong: Centre for the Study of Religion and Chinese Society, Chung Chi College, the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Ng, P.T.M. (2002). Christian higher education in contemporary China. Christian Higher Education 1(1), 55-71.

Poerwowidagdo, J. (2003). Challenges to Christian higher education in Asia: Perspectives of a university president. Christian Higher Education 2 (1), 35-47.

Sewell, K.C. (2002). A response to Bong Ho Son. Christian Higher Education 1(2), 189-95.

Son, B.H. (2002). Academic Achievement and the Christian faith: Christian higher education in East Asia. Christian Higher Education 1(2), 165-88.

Vikner, David W. (2003). Challenges to Christian higher education in Asia. Christian Higher Education, 2 (1), 1-13.

Wang, D. (2007). Managing God's higher learning: U.S.-China Cultural Encounter and Canton Christian College (Lingnan University), 1888-1952. Lexington.

Xian, L. (2009). Two Universities and Two Eras of Catholicism in China: Fu Jen University and Aurora University, 1903-1937. Christian Higher Education, 8(5), 405-421.

Xue, F.R.D. (1999). International conference on 21^st century Christian higher education in multi-cultural Asian societies. Taiwan: Fu Jen Catholic University.

EUROPE

Anderson, R. D. (2004) European Universities from the Enlightenment to 1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Glanzer, P., & Cimpean, C. (2009). The First Baptist University in Europe: An Explanation and Case Study. Christian Higher Education, 8(5), 422-439.

Glanzer, P.L. and Petrenko, K. (2007). “Religion and Education in Post-Communist Russia: Making Sense of Russia’s New Church-State Paradigm,” Journal of Church and State (Winter): 53-73.

            . (2007). “Resurrecting the Russian University’s Soul: The Emergence of Eastern Orthodox Universities and Their Distinctive Approaches to Keeping Faith with Their Religious Tradition” Christian Scholars Review 36 (Spring): 263-84.

            . “Private Christian Colleges in the Former Soviet Union (Part 1)” East-West Church & Ministry Report 14: 1 (Winter 2006): 9-11.

            . “Private Christian Colleges in the Former Soviet Union (Part 2)” East-West Church & Ministry Report 14: 2 (Spring 2006): 9-11.

Griffioen, S. (2002). Christian higher education in Europe: A Catholic View. Christian Higher Education 1(2), 281-302.

Howard, T. A. (2006). Protestant theology and the making of the modern German university. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hulst, J.B., Ball, P., & Goheen, M.W., eds. (2003). The word of God for the academy in contemporary  culture(s): Proceedings of the Regional Conference for Europe of the International Association for the Promotion of Christian Higher Education. Sioux Center, IA: Dordt College Press.

Jenkins, P. (2007). God’s continent: Christianity, Islam, and Europe’s religious crisis. New York: Oxford University Press.

Klassen, S. (2001). Lithuania Christian College: A work in progress. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: L. DeFehr.

Rashdall, Hastings (1997) The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, vol 2, Powicke, F. M. and Emden, A. B. (eds.)  (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Rüegg, Walter (ed.) (2004) A History of the University in Europe, vol III Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800-1945) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Rüegg, Walter (ed.) (1996) A History of the University in Europe, vol II Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500-1800) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Ridder-Symoens, Hilde De (ed.) (1992) A History of the University in Europe, vol 1 Universities in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Schrotenboer, P.G., ed. (1996). Christians and higher education in Eastern Europe: The proceedings of the 1993 Debrecen Regional Conference of the International Association for the Promotion of Christian Higher Education. Sioux Center, IA: Dordt College Press.

Sutton, J. (1996). Traditions in new freedom: Christianity and higher education in Russia and Ukraine today. Nottingham: Bramcote Press. 

LATIN AMERICA

Esqueda, Octavio J. (2006). Theological Higher Education in Cuba, Part 1: Introduction. Christian Higher Education, 5 (4), 301-312.

Esqueda, Octavio J. (2007). Theological Higher Education In Cuba: Part 2: Origins And Ministry Of Protestant Seminaries. Christian Higher Education, 6 (1), 15-28.

Esqueda, Octavio J. (2007). Theological Higher Education In Cuba: Part 3: The Cuban Revolution. Christian Higher Education, 6 (2), 89-108.

Esqueda, Octavio J. (2007). Theological Higher Education in Cuba. Part 4: The Historical Roots and Milestones of the Eastern Cuba Baptist Theological Seminary. Christian Higher Education, 6 (3), 207-225.

Mejía, J. R.A. (2002). Latin American higher education at the crossroads: The Christian challenge of being transformed through the renewal of understanding.  Christian Higher Education 1(2), 235-51.

INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION: GENERAL

Agelasto, M. & Adamson, B. (1998). Higher education in post-Mao China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

Altbach, P.G. & Umakoshi, T. (2004). Asian universities: Historical perspectives and contemporary challenges. The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Altbach, P.G. (1998). Comparative Higher Education.  Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.

Altbach, P.G. and Peterson, P.M., eds. (1999). Higher Education in the 21st Century: Global Challenge and National Response (Institute of International Education and Boston College Center for International Higher Education).

Chauhan, C.P.S. (1990). Higher education in India. South Asia Books.

Damtew, T. & Altbach, P.G. (2003). African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

De Wit, H., Jaramillo, I.C., Garcelavila, J. & Knight, J. (2005). Higher Education in Latin America. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Forest, James J.F.& Altbach, Philip G. (Eds.). (2005). International Handbook of Higher Education: Part One: Global Themes and Contemporary Challenges, Part Two: Regions and Countries (Springer International Handbooks of Education).  New York: Springer.

Gupta, O.P. (1993). Higher education in India since independence. South Asia Books.

Hartnett, R.A. (1998). The saga of Chinese higher education from the Tongzhi restoration to Tiananmen Square: Revolution and reform. Edwin Mellen.

Howe, G.D. (2000). Higher education in the Caribbean: Past, present and future directions. Kingston, Jamaica: University Press of the West Indies.

Ji, Z. (2006). Higher education in China. Singapore: Thomson Learning.

Lulat, Y. G-M. (2005). A history of African higher education from antiquity to the present: A critical synthesis. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. 

Mak, G. & Postiglione, G. (1997). Asian higher education: An international handbook and reference guide. Greenwood. 

Yee, A.H. (1994). East Asian higher education: Traditions and transformations. Pergamon.

INTERNATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION: PRIVATE

Altbach, P.G. & Levy, D.C., eds. (2006). Private Higher Education: A Global Revolution. Chestnut Hill, MA: Sense Publishers.

Altbach, P.G. ed. (2000). Private Prometheus: Private Higher Education and Development in the 21st Century. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Publishers.

Maldonado-Maldonado, A.,  Cao, Y., Altbach, P.G., Levy, D.C. & Zhu, H. (2004). Private Higher Education: An International Bibliography. Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts/Albany, New York: Center of International Higher Education and Program for Research On Private Higher Education, 2004; Greenwich CT,: Information Age.

Slantcheva, S. and Levy, D., eds. (2007) Private Higher Education in Post-Communist Europe: In Search of Legitimacy (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).

 Christian Higher Education—General (largely North American)

Benne, R. (2001). Quality with soul: How six premier colleges and universities keep faith with their religious traditions. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Budde, M., and Wright, J. (Eds). (2004). Conflicting allegiances: The Church-based university in a liberal democratic society. Grand Rapids, MI: Brazos.

Cuninggim, M. (1994). Uneasy partners: The college and the Church. Nashville, TN:   Abingdon Press.

D’Costa, G. (2005). Theology in the public square: Church, academy and nation.      Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

Diekema, A. J. (2000). Academic freedom and Christian scholarship. Grand Rapids,    MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

Dockery, D. S., and Thornbury, G. A. (2002). Shaping a Christian worldview: Foundations of Christian higher education. Nashville: Broadman and Holman Publishers. 

Dovre, P. J. (Ed). (2002). The future of religious colleges. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Hughes, R. T., and Adrian, W. B. (Eds). (1997). Models for Christian higher education: Strategies for success in the twenty-first century. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Jacobsen, D. G., and Jacobsen, R. H. (Eds). (2004). Scholarship and Christian faith: Enlarging the conversation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Litfin, D. (2004). Conceiving the Christian college. Grand Rapids, MI: William B.       Eerdmans Publishing Company.

Marsden, G. M. (1997). The outrageous idea of Christian scholarship. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Mannoia, V. J., Jr. (2000).  Christian Liberal Arts.  Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.

Migliazzo, A. C., ed. (2002).  Teaching as an Act of Faith: Theory and Practice in Church-Related Higher Education. New York, NY: Fordham University Press

Noll, M. A. (1994).  The scandal of the evangelical mind. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 

Poe, H. L. (2004). Christianity in the academy: Teaching at the intersection of faith and learning. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.

Ringenberg, W. (2006). The Christian college: A history of Protestant higher education in America. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.

Roberts, J., and Turner, J. (2000). The sacred and the secular university. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Schaffer Riley, N. (2005). God on the quad: How religious colleges and the missionary generation are changing America. New York, NY: St. Martin’s.

Schwehn, M. R. (1993). Exiles from Eden: Religion and the academic vocation in America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Simon, C. J., et al (2003).  Mentoring for mission: Nurturing new faculty at church-related colleges.  Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

Sterk, A., (Ed.) (2002). Religion, scholarship and higher education: Perspectives, models and future prospects: Essays from the Lilly Seminar on religion and higher education. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

Thiessen, E. J. (2001).  In Defence of Religious Schools and Colleges.  Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

Turner, J. (2003). Language, religion, knowledge: Past and present.  Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

Wolterstorff, N., Joldersma, C. W., & Stronks, G. eds. (2002). Educating for Shalom: Essays on Christian Higher Education. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Christian Higher Education—North American History

Burtchaell, J. T. (1998). The dying of the light: The disengagement of the colleges and universities from their Christian churches. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.

Marsden, G. M. (1994). The soul of the American university: From Protestant establishment to established nonbelief. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 

Marsden, G. M., and Longfield, B. J. (Eds). (1992). The secularization of the academy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Noll, M. A. (1994).  The scandal of the evangelical mind. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. 

Patterson, J. A. (2001). Shining lights: A history of the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.

Sloan, D. (1994). Faith and knowledge: Mainline Protestantism and American higher education. Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press.

Christian Higher Education—International

Arthur, James (2006) Faith and Secularisation in Religious Colleges and Universities (London: Routledge).

Blokhuis, P., ed. (2006). Civil Society: East & West. Sioux Center, IA: Dordt College Press.

Brighton, T. (1991). 150 Years: The Church Colleges In Higher Education. Chichester, England: West Sussex Institute Of Higher Education

Carpenter, J. (2006). “The Christian scholar in an age of world Christianity” in Christianity and the Soul of the University: Faith as a Foundation for Intellectual Community. Eds. D.V. Henry and M.D. Beaty. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic.

Dorman, J.P. (2002). Comparing the university-level environment in the Australian Catholic university with other Australian universities. Christian Higher Education 1(1), 39-54.

Glanzer, P.L. and Petrenko, K. (2007). “Religion and Education in Post-Communist Russia: Making Sense of Russia’s New Church-State Paradigm,” Journal of Church and State (Winter): 53-73.

            . (2007). “Resurrecting the Russian University’s Soul: The Emergence of Eastern Orthodox Universities and Their Distinctive Approaches to Keeping Faith with Their Religious Tradition” Christian Scholars Review 36 (Spring): 263-84.

            . “Private Christian Colleges in the Former Soviet Union (Part 1)” East-West Church & Ministry Report 14: 1 (Winter 2006): 9-11.

            . “Private Christian Colleges in the Former Soviet Union (Part 2)” East-West Church & Ministry Report 14: 2 (Spring 2006): 9-11.

Griffioen, S. (2002). Christian higher education in Europe: A Catholic View. Christian Higher Education 1(2), 281-302.

Hulst, J.B., Balla, P., & Goheen, M.W., eds. (2003). The word of God for the academy in contemporary  culture(s): Proceedings of the Regional Conference for Europe of the International Association for the Promotion of Christian Higher Education. Sioux Center, IA: Dordt College Press.

Jenkins, P. (2002). The next Christendom: The coming of global Christianity. New York: Oxford University Press.

Jenkins, P. (2006). The new faces of Christianity: Believing the Bible in the Global South. New York: Oxford University Press.

Jenkins, P. (2007). God’s continent: Christianity, Islam, and Europe’s religious crisis. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lee, J.K. (2002). Christianity and Korean education in the late chosen period. Christian Higher Education 1(1), 85-100.

Lutz, J.G. (1971). China and the Christian colleges, 1850-1950.  Ithaca; Cornell University Press.

Mannath, J. (1994).  Higher Education In India: How Healthy Is It  What Are Christian Colleges Doing? New Frontiers In Education, 24(4), 451.

Mejía, J. R.A. (2002). Latin American higher education at the crossroads: The Christian challenge of being transformed through the renewal of understanding.  Christian Higher Education 1(2), 235-51.

Namukoa, E.W. (2002) A response to Bennie Van der Walt. Christian Higher Education 1(2), 229-34.

Ng, P.T.M. (2002). Christian higher education in contemporary China. Christian Higher Education 1(1), 55-71.

Poerwowidagdo, J. (2003). Challenges to Christian higher education in Asia: Perspectives of a university president. Christian Higher Education 2 (1), 35-47.

Sanneh, L. and Carpenter, J. (2005). The changing face of Christianity: Africa, the West and the world. New York: Oxford.

Schrotenboer, P.G., ed. (1996). Christians and higher education in Eastern Europe: The proceedings of the 1993 Debrecen Regional Conference of the International Association for the Promotion of Christian Higher Education. Sioux Center, IA: Dordt College Press.

Sewell, K.C. (2002). A response to Bong Ho Son. Christian Higher Education 1(2), 189-95.

Son, B.H. (2002). Academic Achievement and the Christian faith: Christian higher education in East Asia. Christian Higher Education 1(2), 165-88.

Sutton, J. (1996). Traditions in new freedom: Christianity and higher education in Russia and Ukraine today. Nottingham: Bramcote Press. 

Van Der Walt, B.J. (2002). The challenge of Christian higher education on the African continent in the twenty-first century. Christian Higher Education 1(2), 195-228.

Xue, F.R.D. (1999). International conference on 21^st century Christian higher education in multi-cultural Asian societies. Taiwan: Fu Jen Catholic University.

International Higher Education: General

Altbach, P.G. (1998). Comparative Higher Education.  Norwood, N.J.: Ablex.

Altbach, P.G. and Peterson, P.M., eds. (1999). Higher Education in the 21st Century: Global Challenge and National Response (Institute of International Education and Boston College Center for International Higher Education).

Damtew, T. & Altbach, P.G. (2003). African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

De Wit, H., Jaramillo, I.C., Garcelavila, J. & Knight, J. (2005). Higher Education in Latin America. Washington, DC: World Bank.

Forest, James J.F.& Altbach, Philip G. (Eds.). (2005). International Handbook of Higher Education: Part One: Global Themes and Contemporary Challenges, Part Two: Regions and Countries (Springer International Handbooks of Education).  New York: Springer.

International Higher Education: General Histories

Africa

Lulat, Y.G.M. (2005). A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present: A Critical Synthesis. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.

Asia

Bays, D.H. & Widmer, E. (2009). China's Christian Colleges: Cross-Cultural Connections, 1900-1950. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.

Hartnett, R.A. (1998). The Saga of Chinese Higher Education from the Tongzhi Restoration to Tiananmen Square: Revolution and Reform (Chinese Studies , Vol 7) (Edwin Mellon).

Europe

Anderson, R. D. (2004) European Universities from the Enlightenment to 1914 (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Howard, T. A. (2006). Protestant theology and the making of the modern German university. New York: Oxford University Press.

Rashdall, Hastings (1997) The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages, vol 2, Powicke, F. M. and Emden, A. B. (eds.)  (Oxford: Oxford University Press).

Rüegg, Walter (ed.) (2004) A History of the University in Europe, vol III Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800-1945) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Rüegg, Walter (ed.) (1996) A History of the University in Europe, vol II Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500-1800) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

Ridder-Symoens, Hilde De (ed.) (1992) A History of the University in Europe, vol 1 Universities in the Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).

International Higher Education: Private

Maldonado-Maldonado, A.,  Cao, Y., Altbach, P.G., Levy, D.C. & Zhu, H. (2004). Private Higher Education: An International Bibliography. Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts/Albany, New York: Center of International Higher Education and Program for Research On Private Higher Education, 2004; Greenwich CT,: Information Age.

Altbach, P.G. & Levy, D.C. eds. (2006). Private Higher Education: A Global Revolution. Chestnut Hill, MA: Sense Publishers.

Altbach, P.G. ed. (2000). Private Prometheus: Private Higher Education and Development in the 21st Century. Westport, Ct.: Greenwood Publishers.

Slantcheva, Snejana and Levy, Daniel (eds.) (2007) Private Higher Education in Post-Communist Europe: In Search of Legitimacy (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).